**Key Topics Covered:**
* **Economic Decision Making:** Defines decision-making, its role in an organization, and economic problems faced by engineers, such as value analysis, linear programming, interest and money-time relationships, depreciation, valuation, and capital budgeting.
* **Engineering Costs & Estimation:** Discusses different cost types (recurring/non-recurring, incremental, life-cycle, fixed vs. variable), cost estimation models (Per-unit, Segmenting, Cost Indexes), and the Learning Curve concept.
* **Cash Flow, Interest, and Equivalence (Time Value of Money):** Explains the concept of the time value of money, why money has time value (productivity, inflation, uncertainty), and the relationship between effective and nominal interest rates. It also covers annuities and compound interest calculations.
* **Cash Flow & Rate of Return Analysis (Capital Budgeting):** Details investment appraisal techniques including Net Present Value (NPV), Profitability Index (PI) / Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). It also covers Sensitivity Analysis and Break-Even Analysis.
* **Inflation and Price Change:** Defines inflation, its causes (demand-pull, cost-push), control measures (monetary, fiscal, physical), and measurement using price indexes like the Consumer Price Index (CPI).
* **Uncertainty in Future Events:** Covers risk measurement methods (standard deviation, range, coefficient of variation), Simulation Analysis, and the Decision Tree Approach for sequential decisions. It also differentiates between Risk and Return.
* **Depreciation:** Defines depreciation as an accounting concept reflecting a decrease in asset value due to time and use. It details calculation methods like the Straight Line Method (SLM) and Written Down Value (WDV) method, and discusses its causes (wear and tear, obsolescence).
* **Replacement Analysis:** Focuses on the systematic economic evaluation of retaining an existing asset (**defender**) versus acquiring a new one (**challenger**). It also defines the *Economic life* of an asset.
* **Accounting:** Defines accounting, the structure of a Balance Sheet, the accounting equation (Assets = Liabilities + Owner's Equity), and provides formulas and discussion for various financial metrics categorized under Liquidity, Solvency, and Profitability Ratios.
